Many writers and teachers banded together to foster German nationalism and mobilize popular forces to overcome French dominance. From left to right: Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814) delivered his nationalist and highly intellectualized “Addresses to the German Nation” in French-occupied Berlin in 1807-08; philosopher and Protestant theologian Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768-1834) fused Christianity with the concerns of an increasingly nationally self-conscious German Romantic culture; Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778-1852), a member of the Freikorps [Free Corps] and the founder of the nationalist gymnastics movement, focused on populist education (especially physical training) as a source of renewal; and Ernst Moritz Arndt (1769-1860) was a widely loved nationalist poet, publicist, and author of patriotic pamphlets and songs that roused the German public to anti-French resistance. Wood engraving by an unknown artist, undated.