Sources

  1. Definition of the Term “Parties” from the Staats-Lexikon (1845–48)

  2. The Liberals: Heppenheim Program of the Southwest German Liberals (October 10, 1847)

  3. The Democrats: Gustav von Struve, Motion in the German Pre-Parliament (March 31, 1848)

  4. The Catholics: Excerpts from the Debate at the General Assembly of the Catholic Associations of the Rhineland and Westphalia (April 18, 1849)

  5. Karl Marx in Exile in London (1849)

  6. Friedrich Engels (c. 1862)

  7. The Conservatives: Friedrich Julius Stahl, “What is the Revolution?” (1852)

  8. The New Peter von Amiens (1849)

  9. The Liberals: Founding Program of the German Progressive Party (June 9, 1861)

  10. The Socialists: Ferdinand Lassalle, Excerpt from “Open Letter” (1863)

  11. Portrait of Ferdinand Lassalle (c. 1860)