Sources

  1. Executioner’s Sword (late 17th century)

  2. Territorial Ordinances for the Principality of Saxe-Altenburg (1705)

  3. Edict on Keeping Out and Banishing “Useless Riff-Raff” (December 10, 1720)

  4. Nickel List and Lips Tullian (Early 18th century)

  5. Wanted Letter for a Murderer (1725)

  6. Paul Nicolaus Einert, Jewish Gang Leader Discovered (1737)

  7. Crime and Execution of a Child Murderess (18th century)

  8. Three-time Murderer and Arsonist Lorentz Scheerschmidt in Neck, Hand, and Foot Irons (18th century)

  9. Excerpt from the Penal Code of the Electorate of Bavaria (1751)

  10. Torture by Fire (1769)

  11. A Clergyman and Other Prisoners in Jail (1779)

  12. Oath of Truce Form for Cases of Banishment (ca. 1780)

  13. Emperor Joseph II’s Penal Patent [Strafpatent] governing Manorial Courts in the Countryside (September 1, 1781)

  14. Flogging of a Woman (1783)

  15. The General Law Code for the Prussian States, proclaimed on February 5, 1794, effective June 1, 1794 (1794)

  16. The Robber Schinderhannes (Johann Bückler) during his Trial in Mainz (1803)

  17. Portrait of Schinderhannes (left); his Execution (right) (1803)

  18. Report on Gangs of Robbers in the Rhineland (1804)

  19. Penal Law Code for the Kingdom of Bavaria (1813)