Sources

  1. Samuel von Pufendorf, from De jure naturae et gentium (1672)

  2. Maria Sibylla Merian, “Metamorphosis of a Frog and Blue Flower” (c. 1701-1705)

  3. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (Undated Portrait)

  4. The Drinking Student (c. 1725)

  5. The Library at the University of Göttingen (18th Century)

  6. The Industrious Student (c. 1740)

  7. The Pugnacious Student (c. 1740)

  8. High Princely Church Order for Württemberg (1743)

  9. Westphalian Nobleman Christian Franz Dietrich von Fürstenberg Provides Instructions on the Education of his Daughters (1743)

  10. An Anatomy Lesson (1750)

  11. Preparing and Dispensing Medications in an Apothecary (1750)

  12. A Peasant Reading (1757)

  13. Frederick the Great, Compulsory Education Decree (1763)

  14. The Lesson (c. 1770)

  15. Westphalian Nobleman Clemens August Droste zu Vischering Provides Instructions on the Duties of his Children’s Tutor (1776)

  16. Joseph II, Letter to Austrian Chancellor and Bohemian Governor Heinrich Cajetan Count von Blümegen on the Reform of Higher Education in the Austrian Empire (November 29, 1781)

  17. Heinrich Ludwig Fischer, The Book of Superstition, Abuse, and False Delusions (1790)

  18. Awarding Prizes to Industrious Pupils (18th Century)

  19. School Reform in Baden: Edict Issued by Margrave Karl Friedrich von Baden (May 13, 1803)

  20. Alexander von Humboldt (1806)

  21. Smallpox Vaccination (1807)

  22. Wilhelm von Humboldt’s Treatise “On the Internal and External Organization of the Higher Academic Institutions in Berlin” (1810)

  23. Edict Introducing the University-Entrance Examination [Abitur] in Prussia (October 12, 1812)